Spangenhelm

Framework helmet of crossed metal bands

The spangenhelm is constructed from a framework of crossed metal bands (spangen) with metal plates filling the gaps between them. Widely used across Europe from the 6th to 10th century, it was the signature helmet of Viking, Germanic, and Byzantine warriors. The nasal guard variant was most common. Easier to manufacture than helmets forged from a single iron plate, it was well suited for mass production and equipping common soldiers.